Os conteúdos de biologia celular nas provas do ENEM: Reflexões com base na matriz de referência de ciências da natureza

Abstract

The researches on the learning difficulties of the contents of Cellular Biology have been interested to researchers, because the students as difficult to understand and / or abstract consider this area. The objective of this research was to investigate how the contents of Cellular Biology are approached in the ENEM tests, according to the requirements of the reference matrix of the area of Natural Sciences. Thus, the research in question presents a documentary analysis, where it was found, in the tests of the area of Natural Sciences in the period from 2010 to 2016, what were the contents of Cellular Biology delimited in themes/ sub-themes explored, as well as the structure of these questions. The methodological course was performed under a qualitative descriptive approach, the instruments used for data collection were the ENEM evidence and the pedagogical reports, provided by the INEP website. As a result of this research, was developed the final product, in the Didactic Primer model, which brings guidelines according to the reference matrix of the area of Natural Sciences, and is intended for Science teachers. Tables and categories of analysis were constructed, in order to aid the interpretations of this study. This dissertation was organized in five chapters: the introduction and chapters: 1st Cell Biology in High School; 2º The National Examination of High School; 3º The Methodological Research Route; 4º Results and Discussion and 5º Final Considerations. The study showed, based on the evidence analyzed, that the contents of Cellular Biology are extensively explored in the ENEM. As regards questions, only some of them bring the aspects of contextualization and interdisciplinarity, and others are more specific in the field of Biology. By separating another category as a sub-theme, I realized that the area of Biotechnology is also quite discussed, related to current issues. The scientific concepts are properly employed and in line with the reference matrix, because they express an explanatory and discursive character on the subject addressed. Regarding research related to the topic of Cell Biology, the study indicated that it is necessary, urgently, to systematize content, promote continuing education for teachers, updating the didactic materials, besides innovating the pedagogical work, applying didactic strategies, in order to facilitate the understanding of the concepts. Thus, I hope teachers will rethink their practices and seek alternatives that will help them improve the teaching-learning process.