Aplicações do eletromagnetismo nas telecomunicações: Uma proposta de sequência didática para o ensino médio

Abstract

In this work we will show a Didactic Sequence that is based on the study of electromagnetic waves and their applications in telecommunications. After the discovery of the electromagnetic waves was necessary to create an electronic device which was able to emit them in the space. This physical instrument is essential in telecommunications today and they are popularly called antennas. Antennas are used to transmit or receive information at well- defined frequencies. The geometric shape is important to its operation, and they are often used to name the antenna itself. Another relevant point in this work is that the society uses several electronic devices that need an antenna signal, but they do not know how they work in full. In this perspective, we proposed a study of the electromagnetic waves and, in particular, for a microstrip antenna that transmits in Wi-Fi signal. The microstrip antennas are of low financial cost and of easy construction. The theory of the electromagnetic waves is within the contents predicted for high school, but applications of the electromagnetic waves are not in microstrip antenna. Thus, this Didactic Sequence provides a conceptual deepening on the electromagnetic waves in the wireless telecommunications. We started our research by doing a broad study on the antennas and the mathematical formalism of the electromagnetic wave equation. We chose as theoretical contribution of teaching the typology of the contents of Antoni Zabala (factual, conceptual, procedural and attitudinal contents) and the Didactic Transposition of Yves Chevallard because we understand that our student should be protagonist in the teaching and learning process. We elaborated a Didactic Sequence divided in 5 meetings in the classroom. Each meeting corresponds to the time of 2 classes of 45 minutes. We chose a public high school in the city of Malta-Pb to develop this work. The points worked for each meeting were: the electric field, the magnetic induction field, antennas and their applications, the design of microstrip antenna and finalizing with a workshop about microstrip antenna and applications in telecommunications. The final product of this dissertation is the aforementioned Didactic Sequence, as well as the electronic device itself that works in the microwaves range, within the 2.45 GHz frequency. This frequency is for Wi-Fi transmission.