Fatores de risco para o câncer de próstata numa população do nordeste brasileiro

Abstract

Introduction: Prostate cancer is the second main type of neoplasm found among males worldwide. The North and Northeast are the regions of Brazil with the highest proportional increase in incidence and mortality due to prostate cancer, making it, consequently, a serious public health problem. Paraíba is the third state in the Northeast with the highest incidence of prostate cancer, with an estimated risk of 87.62 new cases per 100.000 inhabitants. However, in Brazilian literature and particularly in the Northeast region, there are few case-control and cohort studies that seek to assess the effect caused by risk factors in determining this type of cancer. Objective: Given this scenario, the objective is to identify the risk factors for prostate cancer in a population in the state of Paraíba. Methods: This is an epidemiological, retrospective and quantitative case-control study, with data from 91 patients with prostate cancer and 91 controls without the cancer, obtained from medical records and interviews conducted at Hospital da FAP, located in the city of Campina Grande - PB. Sociodemographic and economic, anthropometric, family history, lifestyle (smoking and alcohol consumption) and clinical data were collected to characterize the disease. Fisher's exact test and Pearson's chi square test (x2) were applied to assess categorical variables, and Student's T test for continuous variables. The odds ratio (OR) and the confidence intervals (95% CI) were determined by applying nominal logistic regression. To test the independence of factors, multivariate logistic regression was performed. Results: The mean age obtained from the patients was 69.56 years (SD = 8.31), and 39 men (42.86%) were between 70 and 79 years. Of the total, 48 (52.75%) were diagnosed with stage I, 14 (15.38%) in stage II and 29 (31.87%) were classified as stage III, with no patients in stage IV being found in the sample evaluated. After using the regression model for multiple variables, the chance of self-reported African or mixed-race patients developing prostate cancer was 4.1 times (95% CI: 2.02 - 8.51; p <0.001) higher than that self reported European descendants. Men with a first-degree family history had a 6.9 times greater chance (95% CI: 2.43 - 19.97; p <0.001) compared to individuals without a family history for neoplasms. Patients who already had a smoking habit were 3.9 times (95% CI: 1.96 - 7.93; p <0.001) more likely to develop prostate cancer compared to men who had never smoked. Conclusions: Patients who had a Family history, African and mestizo ancestry and smoking habit had a positive association with the highest risk of developing prostate cancer in the sample evaluated.