O ser-para-outro em “angústia”, de Graciliano Ramos - leituras a partir da Teoria do Olhar, de Jean-Paul Sartre

Abstract

This thesis takes place in the context of the debate on the interfaces between Literature and Philosophy, linked to the area of concentration, Literature and Intercultural Studies, Research Line, Literature and Hermeneutics, of the Graduate Program in Literature and Interculturality, at the Universidade Estadual da Paraíba. Currently, there are already abundant approximations between Literature and other knowledges, whose objective is to establish some kind of correspondence among themselves: Literature and Psychoanalysis, Literature and Sociology, Literature and Theology, Literature and Sciences of Religion and Literature and Philosophy, among others. I chose as a material object the novel Angústia, by Graciliano Ramos. Before entering the thematic section, I discuss the critical fortune, in order to demarcate the place of my research. The objective is to analyze the being-to-other, denounced in Anguish, in the light of Jean-Paul Sartre‟s look theory. Despite the richness of the characters, and given the impossibility of examining all the speeches produced in the work, I will emphasize Luís da Silva, narrator-character. The choice is justified because it is one of the most dramatic figures in modern Brazilian fiction, which will enable a more intense and lively dialogue with my theoretical perspective. Two elements played a significant role in choosing the theme: the phenomenon of anguish, and the look, as constitutive of the condition of anguish, a state that marks Luís da Silva‟s trajectory in his most diverse relationships. It is known that the problem of the Other is extremely relevant in the novels of Graciliano Ramos, especially in Caetés, S. Bernardo and Angústia, however, it is in the latter that the Other reveals itself as a question that cannot be simply ignored, for being able to violently invade Luís da Silva‟s daily life. To achieve the proposed objective, I will call the philosophy of existence for dialogue, specifically that of Sartre, which, as the title of the thesis indicates, will be the conceptual path. The French philosopher‟s gaze theory brings significant elements to the establishment of a fruitful conversation with literature. There are, therefore, in the literary text, by Graciliano Ramos, and in the philosophical text, by Sartre, insistent concerns with the problem of the Other. In addition, the phenomenon of anguish, central to the work of the writer born in Alagoas, likewise cuts through all the fabric of Sartre‟s writings.