Consumo alimentar, qualidade de vida e (in)segurança alimentar em pacientes com doença renal crônica em terapia de hemodiálise

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease consists of a progressive condition, characterized by the gradual and progressive reduction of excretory, endocrine and metabolic renal functions, compromising the individual's health and routine. In Brazil, in the year 2022, according to the Brazilian Society of Nephrology, 153,831 people were undergoing dialysis, with hemodialysis being predominant, however this treatment causes sudden changes and can have several repercussions on the patient's quality of life. Objective: To analyze the impact of food insecurity and sociodemographic factors, clinical health and laboratory conditions on the quality of life of patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis therapy. Methodology: The study consists of a cross-sectional analysis with a convenience sample, in a hospital in the state of Paraíba. The questionnaire used for data collection was divided into four instruments, covering questions related to sociodemographic variables and health conditions, in addition to food. Finally, validated questionnaires on food insecurity (Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale) and Kidney Disease and Quality of Life - Short Form were included to assess quality of life. The statistical analysis of the data comprised descriptive measures such as mean, median, and standard deviation. The Mann-Whitney test or the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare medians. Results: Of the 123 patients analyzed, 65.8% were elderly and 61.8% were men, 48% of the sample were experiencing some degree of food insecurity, with mild insecurity being predominant (30.9%), in relation to the quality of life the average score was 68.36 ± 11.71, presenting the lowest scores for the dimensions of professional role, kidney disease burden and general health. Regarding the generic and specific dimensions, physical functioning and list of symptoms/problems, respectively, were the most impacted, presenting the largest number of significant associations. All analyzed variables showed significant reductions in different dimensions. Conclusion: The data obtained in this study allowed us to conclude that the level with the greatest impact was on the “professional role” and that factors such as increasing age, female sex, low education, presence of comorbidities, recent adherence to hemodialysis treatment were significantly associated the reduction of scores in different dimensions of quality of life.