Interfaces ecomiméticas de O coração das trevas e O mundo se despedaça: a ecocrítica pós-colonial em perspectiva

Abstract

Over time, the study of literary works has been developed under different theoretical perspectives that, at times, have privileged form, structure, historical materialism or the reception of the text, among so many possible ways of observing the discursive and ideological formations that are constituents. Likewise, little relevance was given to the study of the relationship between the representations of the human and the non-human, a fact that echoes the subjugation of marginalized individuals by Euro-American thought that places the human race as superior to the others. In this way, through studies between the works Heart of Darkness (2017) and Things Fall Apart (2009) we support the thesis that the human concerns the hegemonic masculine-rational relationship and the non-human/animalized human is related to the subalternized female-irrational. As specific objectives, we intend to: a. understand how the works dialogue from the perspective of postcolonial studies; B. outline a dialogue between the corpus and reflections about the anthropocene, as well as speciesism as a subjugating practice, synonymous with racism; ç. to project a dialogue between Heart of Darkness and Things Fall Apart, based on ecofeminist considerations. In this panorama, ecocritical studies, associated with postcolonial ones, open the way for a perception of the corpus works of this research that question the very conception of the human, based on the interactions and interventions that the metropolitan subject establishes with the autochthonous peoples of the current Congo and Nigeria, from its Eurocentric social and discursive formation. Therefore, through an analytical-comparative research of a qualitative nature, we use the considerations of theorists and critics of postcolonial, cultural and ecocritical studies to support the analyzes developed here. Therefore, with regard to postcolonial and cultural studies, we use the considerations of Quijano (1997; 2009), Pániker (2001), Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin (2004), Santos (2007), Said (1984; 1990; 1995; 1999; 2011), Fanon (2005; 2008), Bhabha (1998), Amadiume (1987; 1989), Perrone-Moisés (2016), Pratt (1999), Oyěwùmí (2004; 2016), Hall (2006), Bonnicci (2000; 2004) among others. With regard to Ecocriticism, we highlight the contributions of Curtin (2005), Glotfelty and Fromm (1996), Huggan and Tiffin (2016), Derrida (2002), Derrida and Roudinesco (2004), Buell (2005), Garrard (2006), Mies and Shiva (1993 ), Deegan and Podeschi (2001), Cohen (2004), Mirzoeff (2018), Boes and Marshall (2014), as well as Plumwood (1993; 2003), among other authors, whose works have supported the reflections on the anthropocene, speciesism and ecofeminism in dialogue with literature. As results, we can highlight that the phallocentric, patriarchal, androcentric, anthropocentric and misogynist discourses place, in opposite poles, the dominant and subalternized individuals under a Eurocentric perspective, based on a westernization project, which, from the transculturation process, it also penetrated into autochthonous societies. Such reverberations of Westernization can be seen in Things Fall Apart, which, constituting a novel-answer to Heart of Darkness, echoes the European othering discursive formation, which is detectable through the protagonist's actions. Thus, we find that Things Fall Apart falls into the same parallelism that Achebe criticizes in Heart of Darkness, which is the reinforcement of stereotyped marks and prejudices against those considered inferior to the hegemonic subject.