Poluentes Ambientais em diferentes matrizes no estuário do Rio Mamanguape, Paraíba-Brasil

Abstract

The present study aimed to understand the potential of the bioaccumulation of organic and inorganic pollutants in different ecosystem components in the Mamanguape River estuary, located in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, which is part of an Environmental Protected Area. The environmental matrices studied were water, sediment and secondary trophic level Anomalocardia flexuosa Linnaeus, 1767; Crassostrea rhizophorae Guilding, 1828; Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836 e Litopenaeus schmitti Burkenroad, 1936. The collection of samples was performed during two seasonal periods in December 2017 (dry season) and June 2018 (rainy season) from upstream (river) to downstream (ocean), at nine sites across three zones. This study was structured as chapters, the first chapter is the introduction and the second is the theoretical reference. The third chapter approaches the identification of endocrine disrupting compounds (CDEs); the fourth is about emerging pollutants in different environmental matrices in seasonal periods (dry and rainy). The fifth chapter approaches the concentrations of inorganic pollutants (metals). The results of the third show that the CDEs found were: Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (BEHP) and 2,4-Ditert-butylphenol. The results of the fourth chapter show that were identified 62 emerging pollutants distributed through the environmental matrices during both sampling periods. The identified substances are used in various products such as: industrial product agents (API) 53.23%, Pharmaceuticals 24.19%, Pesticides 16.23% and Personal hygiene products (PCP) 6.45%. During both periods (dry and rainy) there was a significant difference of α< 0.05 for the water and sediment. However, the same was not found for organisms studied. The organisms were environmental matrix with the greatest diversity of pollutants, with A. flexuosa demonstrating 16.13% (dry) and 20.97% (rainy), followed by M. curema for the rainy period 19.35%. 1-dodecane, 1-decanol, 2,4-di-tert Butylphenol, 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z) - methyl ester, Ephedrine, Ethanol, 2-utoxy-, Phthalan, Hexadecane, p-chloroaniline, were the highest occurring substances in the environmental matrices analysed. The inorganic pollutants (trace metals) found in the sediments and secondary trophic levels were Al, As, Cr, Hg, Sr, Ni, Pb and Zn. The concentration of metals in the sediment were different based on seasonal period (dry and rainy) with a significance value of α<0.05. Maximum concentrations of As (9 mg/kg), Cr (513 mg/kg) and Ni (33.8 mg/kg) during the dry period, were above the limits for values estimated by international agencies and As (9 mg/kg) and Hg (0.13 mg/kg) values, were also above the limits for rainy periods. The mangrove oyster, C. rhizophorae, had the highest metal concentration (868.1 mg/kg) when compared with other species. A. flexuosa, C. rhizophorae, L. schmitti and M. curema had concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, Sr, Ni and Zn above the limits established by legislation for human consumption. Further in-depth studies aiming to lucidate the behavior of the pollutants found in this study in water bodies are requires, as they are Zighly persistent, with the majority of them being toxic to aquatic species.