Diagnóstico ambiental dos trechos final do eixo leste da transposição das águas do Rio São Francisco e inicial do Rio Paraíba

Abstract

The spatial and temporal irregularity in the rainfall regime in the northeastern semi-arid region contributes to increasing water scarcity, whose water insecurity impedes growth and economic and social development. In view of this, it was necessary to make an environmental diagnosis in the final segment of the final stretches of the East of the Transposition of the Waters of the São Francisco River and the initial of the Paraíba River, these determinations being the main objectives. For the execution of this work the method of inductive analysis was used starting from the readings and analyzes of official documents of the Project of Integration of the River São Francisco, besides visitation, in loco, with photographic records of the occurrences of impacts and the environmental degradation in said segment. The data was organized using the Geographic Information System (GIS) and the spatial analysis using satellite imagery from Landsat 8, Land Imager Operational Sensor. The technology of the geoprocessing of satellite images allowed making thematic maps, with the indicators of use of the ground and vegetal cover. Five cities located in the initial section of the high course were chosen to analyze some water characteristics such as: annual rainfall median, individual percentage of contribution in the drainage basin, potential rainfall and their respective production of sewage and evolution of basic sanitation. The main results showed different environmental impacts in the construction of the East axis, in the degradation caused by anthropogenic actions in the high river bed of the Paraíba River and its tributaries, including the garbage and sewage dumps of the cities that make up the referred drainage basin. The use of digital and geoprocessing technologies made it possible to prepare thematic maps of vegetation cover and land use, to estimate some pluvial and hydrological indicators, as well as the evolution of basic sanitation associated to the anthropic deleterious effects to the aquatic environment. The contribution of the transposed waters of the São Francisco River is undoubtedly the water security for the public water supply in Campina Grande and its surroundings, besides guaranteeing water for local sustainable development purposes. However, there is a need to apply the water management criteria in an integrated, efficient and sustainable way throughout the upper reaches of the Paraíba River in order to avoid diversion and/or waste of transposed water.