Condições bucais associadas ao bullying e cyberbullying em crianças e adolescentes: Revisão sistemática e meta-análise

Abstract

Introduction: Bullying is defined as aggressive, repetitive, intentional and physically and / or emotionally harmful behavior. Oral health problems, such as dental caries, malocclusion and orthodontic treatment, cleft palates and lips, may be strongly associated with bullying, negatively affecting the individual's self-esteem and consequently their quality of life. Aim: To seek scientific evidence of the association between oral disorders and bullying or cyberbullying in children and adolescents through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methodology: The systematic review followed the Prisma checklist criteria (Key Items to Report Systematic Reviews of Meta-analyzes) and had as a guiding question: Is there an association between oral changes and bullying or cyberbullying in children and adolescents? The CEEC elements were represented by: children and adolescents (patient), oral alterations such as dental caries, malocclusion, cleft palate and lip (exposure), children without oral alterations (comparison) and bullying or cyberbullying (outcome). The research was conducted in the electronic databases: PubMed / MEDLINE, Web of Science, Lilacs, Scielo, Registro, Scopus and EMBASE; gray literature: Open Theses, Opern Gray and CAPES Dissertation and Thesis Bank, complemented by a manual search in the reference list of included studies. Boolean operators (AND, OR) and the words used as search key were used. The studies were selected based on eligibility criteria. Quality analysis of the studies was performed using the instrument recommended by Fowkes; Fulton (1991), for observational studies. Results: We found 286 studies, nine selected for the study. Where 5 of them had low risk of bias by quality analysis. A total of 3993 participants, between children and adolescents, aged between 6 and 21 years, 2029 females and 1964 males. All eligible studies were cross-sectional. The included studies were conducted in Brazil, Northern Ireland, England, Jordan, New Zealand, and Peru, and were published from 2006 to 2018. Most studies identified verbal bullying. The prevalence of bullying associated with oral condition ranged from 12.8% to 58.5%. An association was found between bullying and untreated dental caries (p <0.001), as well as for malocclusion and need for orthodontic treatment for class II, anterior open bite and overbite, increased overjet and increased overbite (p <0.001). A meta-analysis was performed for cleft lip and / or palate and oral health-related quality of life, which revealed an association only for cleft lip and / or palate. Conclusion: Scientific evidence suggests that children and adolescents with oral conditions such as untreated dental caries, cleft lip and palate, malocclusion and need for orthodontic treatment suffer more bullying than individuals without these conditions.