Comparação do potencial biotecnológico de Penicillium sp e Chrysosporim sp na produção sustentável de biossurfactante utilizando resíduos agroindustriais

Abstract

Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers are amphipathic molecules, reduce surface and interfacial tension, are biodegradable and have low toxicity. Despite the challenges of high costs and low yields, the use of agro-industrial waste as alternative substrates presents a sustainable solution. This study evaluated the influence of pineapple peels and post-frying oil used by the fungi Penicillium sp. and Chrysosporium sp. on the production of biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers. A Box Behnken Design with 15 trials was used. The media were incubated in Erlenmeyer flasks containing 50 mL of the production medium with 10% inoculum (10⁷ cell/mL) for 138 hours at 150 rpm and 28°C. The biosurfactants produced were evaluated using surface tension and emulsification index measurements, using post-frying oil and burnt engine oil as hydrophobic substrates. The dispersion of oil in water and the characteristics of the emulsions were analyzed. The chemical composition of the biosurfactants was determined by lipid and carbohydrate content, with functional groups characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ionic charge by zeta potential. Phytotoxicity was assessed on lettuce seeds. The results showed a reduction in surface tension to 55.74 mN/m (Penicillium sp.) and 53.22 mN/m (Chrysosporium sp.). The emulsification index with the metabolite liquid was 81.12% with burnt motor oil (Penicillium sp.) and 45.16% with post-frying oil (Chrysosporium sp.), forming water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions, respectively. The yields were 0.76 g/L and 0.60 g/L, with carbohydrate compositions of 48.58% and 41.63% and lipid compositions of 2.99% and 1.99%. The emulsion index of the biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers extracted at a concentration of 1 mg/mL with engine oil was 60% and 59.09%, respectively. FTIR analysis identified significant bands at 3304 cm-¹ and 3327 cm-¹ (O-H and N-H), at 1024 cm-¹ and 1028 cm-¹ (C-CO-C), characteristic of polymeric compounds and glycosidic bonds, suggesting that both may be glycolipids. The evaluation revealed that Penicillium sp. showed no toxic effects on plants, while Chrysosporium sp. exhibited moderate toxicity at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The results highlight the feasibility of biotransforming waste as economical substrates, with potential for industrial and environmental applications.