Os conteúdos sobre saúde no ENEM e sua abordagem no livro didático de Biologia

Abstract

Some studies about Health Education have been developed through the last years confirming the importance of this subject about the citizen development. These studies analyze the Health Education in the resumes, didactic materials, and others pedagogical activities in the schooling environments. Theorists describe the existence of three base sorts of Health approach: The biomedical, which appreciate the biological aspects of the health/disease process; the behavioral, which associate the individual health to their behavior, and the social ecologic, which relate the individual health with the social and ecological aspects. This thematic is also present in the Brazilian High-school Exam (ENEM). This exam is structured under a Reference Matrix that has influenced the activities in the schools. The didactic books have also undergone the ENEM‟s influence, incorporating its questions as activities to practice the learning. The didactic book has a remarkable presence in the classroom daily routine, and often represents the main methodological tool to the students and teachers in the routine of the school. Under this assumption this research has the purpose of analyze the approach of the health subjects in the ENEM and its interaction with the Biology didactic book. Focus on a desk research developed in three sources: In the ENEM‟s Reference Matrix, in the biology tests of this exam, applied between the years of 2009-2017 and in a didactic Biology book adopted by the Pernambuco state schools network. Authors like Mohr (2002) Lomânoco (2004), Marinho (2013), Venturi (2013) and Hansen (2016) based this research on the health education concepts and its importance in the resumes of the basic education; There was used the technique of Bardin‟s Content Analyze to the constructions of the categories of alyzes and, as such, characterize the approach of the health thematic in the ENEM and in the didactic books. The results show that in the ENEM‟s Reference Matrix there are competence and skil s that base the development of the questions about health in the Biology tests. Is noticeable the recurrence of the questions with such thematic in the tests that were analyzed. Even though most of them bring an approach of health in the social ecologic aspects the presence of the biomedical aspect is remarkable in numerous questions analyzed. In the didactic books the health‟s biomedical approach is also present with the knowledge about health frequently linked with the Anatomy, hysiology, and Microbiology. This research contributed to amplify the discussion about the presence of the Health Education in the resumes and bring a manual of pedagogic orientations to support the development of activities in these perspectives.