Síntese, caracterização estrutural e avaliação dos possíveis mecanismos de ação dos derivados espiro-acridínicos

Abstract

Among the main alternatives for cancer treatment, chemotherapy is one of them, but most chemotherapeutic agents act nonspecifically, damaging several types of body cells. DNA intercalators are standout among the existing chemotherapeutics, for example, among these compounds, acridine derivatives have inhibitory activity against nuclear regulatory enzymes, such as topoisomerase, and there is a strong interaction with pairs of DNA bases. Therefore, researchers are seeking to find new candidates intercalators of DNA drugs and a significant number of molecules have been evaluated for their antitumor and intercalators properties. This paper proposed the synthesis of novel spiro-acridines derivatives; it was conducted to evaluate their interaction with BSA, DNA, and inhibition of the enzyme topoisomerase IIα. Thus, eleven new spiro-acridínicos compounds were synthesized and were determined their physicochemical characteristics and demonstrated the possible reaction mechanisms for obtaining these compounds. The compounds were obtained in parallel and convergent manner, initially the diphenylamine suffered an acylation followed by cyclization, leading to 9-metilacridina that by successive reactions led to 9-carboxaldehyde acridine. In parallel, 2- cianoacetohidrazina reacted with aromatic aldehydes substituted in acid and ethanol, leading to N-acylhydrazones intermediates substituted, finally, the two intermediates were condensed, through a Knovenagel reaction and suffered spontaneous cyclization, leading to spiro-acridine derivates. The compounds show yields ranging from 24% to 86.75%, and melting points ranging between 3 and 5 °C. Most of the compounds were characterized and had their chemical structures elucidated by spectroscopic H-NMR and C-NMR; IR and MS. By 1^H NMR analysis were observed singlets referring to NH, protons coming from the formation of the C = N bond (imino carbon) and C = C (vinyl carbon) corroborating the structural elucidation of all compounds. The 13^C NMR spectra showed the absorptions of carbon atoms characteristic of spiro-acridine derivatives, especially the chemical shift showed by the quaternary carbon evidenced on the signals from 69.33 to 71.59, demonstrating the occurrence of spontaneous cyclization of spiro-acridine derivatives. The compounds evaluated against the enzyme Topoisomerase IIα, presented different degrees of inhibition when compared with the mAMSA standard, and AMTAC 06 presented the best capacity for inhibition. The compounds that interacted with the DNA showed binding constants (Kb) 10^5M^-1, thus suggesting that the likely mechanism of action of these compounds may be related to the formation of a ternary complex between compound, DNA and Topoisomerase. The interactions with the BSA showed that all compounds evaluated were able to cause fluorescence extinction in a dose-dependent manner, and AMTAC 14 showed the highest fluorescence extinction capacity, probably due to its electronic effects.