Padrões de distribuição das comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em estuários tropicais

Abstract

Understanding the composition and distribution of biological communities in landscape or region level, in the face of environmental conditions is a major challenge faced by the scientific community. Understanding these processes provides information on the functioning of ecosystems, facilitating decision-making aimed at conserving biodiversity. Thus, this work consists of two chapters, whose aims are, respectively: (i) assess whether the benthic macroinvertebrate communities in response to environmental factors of tropical estuaries, and (ii) assess whether the beta diversity of macrobenthic communities are structured by turnover (i.e., replacement of species) or nesting (i.e., nested subsets of species). The communities of benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled in two tropical estuaries, the estuary of the Paraíba do Norte River and Mamanguape, in the dry and wet seasons. The estuaries have differences in terms of use and occupation of land in the drainage basin. In each estuary, was previously defined the estuarine gradient being established four subtidal zones. In each area, three collection points were set with 3 sample units each. In the first chapter, in addition to samples of benthic macroinvertebrates subtidal, data were considered regarding the environmental factors measured in each estuary. The persistence of benthic macroinvertebrates, and the variability of environmental factors between seasonal periods and zones of the estuarine gradient was evaluated by the distance of the points from their centroids in the dimensional space. The higher proportions of contributions for each seasonal period and zones of the estuarine gradient were identified by analyzing the percentage of similarity (SIMPER). In the heavily impacted estuary, during the dry season, the environmental factors were more variable and communities of benthic macroinvertebrates were more persistent. In the estuary with lesser degrees of anthropogenic influences, environmental factors were more variable in the wet season, where communities were more persistent. The highest rate of contribution ratios in the estuary with higher anthropogenic influences in both seasonal periods was recorded for Laeonereis gender indicator organically enriched sites. In the estuary with the lowest degree of anthropogenic influence, Polypedilum was the taxa with major contributions of ecosystems, facilitating decision-making aimed at conserving measured in each estuary. The persistence of benthic to both seasonal periods, which is a genre associated with better local environmental quality. In conclusion, the environmental variability boosted the persistence of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in tropical estuaries. For the second chapter, the sample design was designed hierarchically and applied the additive partitioning method of diversity to determine the hierarchy with the highest dissimilarity (beta diversity) in the composition of benthic communities. The general beta diversity was measured by the dissimilarity index of Sorensen and partitioned in turnover and nesting components. The greatest dissimilarity in the composition of the communities occurred between the zones along the estuarine gradient in both seasons (dry = 58.6%; wet = 46.3%). In the estuary with the lowest degree of anthropogenic influence, regardless of the season, benthic macroinvertebrate diversity was generated by turnover. In the heavily impacted estuary, during the dry season, beta diversity was structured by turnover, while in the wet season it was structured by a combination of the two mechanisms. We conclude that the principal mechanism responsible for beta diversity in benthic macroinvertebrate communities of tropical estuaries is turnover (i.e., species substitution). As a general conclusion of the dissertation, the main approaches considered in this study (persistence of communities, additive partitioning and general beta diversity) were important tools for understanding the ecological processes that generate the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in tropical estuaries. These approaches should be taken into consideration in the development of projects aimed at management of estuarine ecosystems and consequent biodiversity conservation.